ReentrantReadWriteLock

当读操作远远高于写操作时，这时候使用 读写锁 让 读-读 可以并发，提高性能。 类似于数据库中的 select ...from ... lock in share mode

提供一个 数据容器类 内部分别使用读锁保护数据的 read() 方法，写锁保护数据的write() 方法。

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class DataContainer {
    private Object data;
    private ReentrantReadWriteLock rw = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
    private ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock r = rw.readLock();
    private ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock w = rw.writeLock();

    public Object read() {
        log.debug("获取读锁...");
        r.lock();
        try {
            log.debug("读取");
            sleep(1);
            return data;
        } finally {
            log.debug("释放读锁...");
            r.unlock();
        }
    }

    public void write() {
        log.debug("获取写锁...");
        w.lock();
        try {
            log.debug("写入");
            sleep(1);
        } finally {
            log.debug("释放写锁...");
            w.unlock();
        }
    }
}

测试 读锁-读锁 可以并发

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DataContainer dataContainer = new DataContainer();
new Thread(() -> {
 dataContainer.read();
}, "t1").start();
 
new Thread(() -> {
 dataContainer.read();
}, "t2").start();

输出结果，从这里可以看到 t2 锁定期间，t1 的读操作不受影响

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14:05:14.341 c.DataContainer [t2] - 获取读锁... 
14:05:14.341 c.DataContainer [t1] - 获取读锁... 
14:05:14.345 c.DataContainer [t1] - 读取 
14:05:14.345 c.DataContainer [t2] - 读取 
14:05:15.365 c.DataContainer [t2] - 释放读锁... 
14:05:15.386 c.DataContainer [t1] - 释放读锁..

测试 读锁-写锁 相互阻塞

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DataContainer dataContainer = new DataContainer();
new Thread(() -> {
 dataContainer.read();
}, "t1").start();
 
Thread.sleep(100);
new Thread(() -> {
 dataContainer.write();
}, "t2").start();

输出结果

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14:04:21.838 c.DataContainer [t1] - 获取读锁... 
14:04:21.838 c.DataContainer [t2] - 获取写锁... 
14:04:21.841 c.DataContainer [t2] - 写入 
14:04:22.843 c.DataContainer [t2] - 释放写锁... 
14:04:22.843 c.DataContainer [t1] - 读取 
14:04:23.843 c.DataContainer [t1] - 释放读锁...

写锁-写锁 也是相互阻塞的

🔔注意：

  • 读锁不支持条件变量
  • 重入时升级不支持：即持有读锁的情况下去获取写锁，会导致获取写锁永久等待
  • 重入时降级支持：即持有写锁的情况下去获取读锁

StampedLock

stamp 邮票 戳记的意思

该类自 JDK 8 加入，是为了进一步优化读性能，它的特点是在使用读锁、写锁时都必须配合【戳】使用。在配合乐观锁使用时，性能极高。
加解读锁

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long stamp = lock.readLock();
lock.unlockRead(stamp);

加解写锁

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long stamp = lock.writeLock();
lock.unlockWrite(stamp);

乐观读，StampedLock 支持 tryOptimisticRead() 方法（乐观读），读取完毕后需要做一次 戳校验 如果校验通过，表示这期间确实没有写操作，数据可以安全使用，如果校验没通过，需要重新获取读锁，保证数据安全。

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long stamp = lock.tryOptimisticRead();
// 验戳
if(!lock.validate(stamp)){
 // 锁升级
}

 
提供一个 数据容器类 内部分别使用读锁保护数据的 read() 方法，写锁保护数据的 write() 方法

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class DataContainerStamped {
    private int data;
    private final StampedLock lock = new StampedLock();

    public DataContainerStamped(int data) {
        this.data = data;
    }

    public int read(int readTime) {
        long stamp = lock.tryOptimisticRead();
        log.debug("optimistic read locking...{}", stamp);
        sleep(readTime);
        if (lock.validate(stamp)) {
            log.debug("read finish...{}, data:{}", stamp, data);
            return data;
        }
        // 锁升级 - 读锁
        log.debug("updating to read lock... {}", stamp);
        try {
            stamp = lock.readLock();
            log.debug("read lock {}", stamp);
            sleep(readTime);
            log.debug("read finish...{}, data:{}", stamp, data);
            return data;
        } finally {
            log.debug("read unlock {}", stamp);
            lock.unlockRead(stamp);
        }
    }

    public void write(int newData) {
        long stamp = lock.writeLock();
        log.debug("write lock {}", stamp);
        try {
            sleep(2);
            this.data = newData;
        } finally {
            log.debug("write unlock {}", stamp);
            lock.unlockWrite(stamp);
        }
    }
}

测试 读-读 可以优化

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public static void main(String[] args) {
    DataContainerStamped dataContainer = new DataContainerStamped(1);
    new Thread(() -> {
        dataContainer.read(1);
    }, "t1").start();
    sleep(0.5);
    new Thread(() -> {
        dataContainer.read(0);
    }, "t2").start();
}

输出结果，可以看到实际没有加读锁

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15:58:50.217 c.DataContainerStamped [t1] - optimistic read locking...256 
15:58:50.717 c.DataContainerStamped [t2] - optimistic read locking...256 
15:58:50.717 c.DataContainerStamped [t2] - read finish...256, data:1 
15:58:51.220 c.DataContainerStamped [t1] - read finish...256, data:1

测试 读-写 时优化读补加读锁

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public static void main(String[] args) {
    DataContainerStamped dataContainer = new DataContainerStamped(1);
    new Thread(() -> {
        dataContainer.read(1);
    }, "t1").start();
    sleep(0.5);
    new Thread(() -> {
        dataContainer.write(100);
    }, "t2").start();
}

输出结果

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15:57:00.219 c.DataContainerStamped [t1] - optimistic read locking...256 
15:57:00.717 c.DataContainerStamped [t2] - write lock 384 
15:57:01.225 c.DataContainerStamped [t1] - updating to read lock... 256 
15:57:02.719 c.DataContainerStamped [t2] - write unlock 384 
15:57:02.719 c.DataContainerStamped [t1] - read lock 513 
15:57:03.719 c.DataContainerStamped [t1] - read finish...513, data:1000 
15:57:03.719 c.DataContainerStamped [t1] - read unlock 513

🔔注意：

  • StampedLock 不支持条件变量
  • StampedLock 不支持可重入

Semaphore

信号量，用来限制能同时访问共享资源的线程上限

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public static void main(String[] args) {
    // 1. 创建 semaphore 对象
    Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(3);

    // 2. 10个线程同时运行
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        new Thread(() -> {
            // 3. 获取许可
            try {
                semaphore.acquire();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            try {
                log.debug("running...");
                sleep(1);
                log.debug("end...");
            } finally {
                // 4. 释放许可
                semaphore.release();
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

输出

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 07:35:15.485 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-2] - running... 
07:35:15.485 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-1] - running... 
07:35:15.485 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-0] - running... 
07:35:16.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-2] - end... 
07:35:16.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-0] - end... 
07:35:16.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-1] - end... 
07:35:16.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-3] - running... 
07:35:16.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-5] - running... 
07:35:16.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-4] - running... 
07:35:17.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-5] - end... 
07:35:17.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-4] - end... 
07:35:17.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-3] - end... 
07:35:17.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-6] - running... 
07:35:17.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-7] - running... 
07:35:17.490 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-9] - running... 
07:35:18.491 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-6] - end... 
07:35:18.491 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-7] - end... 
07:35:18.491 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-9] - end... 
07:35:18.491 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-8] - running... 
07:35:19.492 c.TestSemaphore [Thread-8] - end...

CountdownLatch

用来进行线程同步协作，等待所有线程完成倒计时。
其中构造参数用来初始化等待计数值，await() 用来等待计数归零，countDown() 用来让计数减一

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CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(3);  // 初始计数=3

// 线程完成任务时：
latch.countDown();  // 计数减1

// 等待的线程：
latch.await();      // 阻塞，直到计数=0

eg：

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public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(3);

    new Thread(() -> {
        log.debug("begin...");
        sleep(1);
        latch.countDown();
        log.debug("end...{}", latch.getCount());
    }).start();

    new Thread(() -> {
        log.debug("begin...");
        sleep(2);
        latch.countDown();
        log.debug("end...{}", latch.getCount());
    }).start();

    new Thread(() -> {
        log.debug("begin...");
        sleep(1.5);
        latch.countDown();
        log.debug("end...{}", latch.getCount());
    }).start();

    log.debug("waiting...");
    latch.await();
    log.debug("wait end...");
}

输出

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18:44:00.778 c.TestCountDownLatch [main] - waiting... 
18:44:00.778 c.TestCountDownLatch [Thread-2] - begin... 
18:44:00.778 c.TestCountDownLatch [Thread-0] - begin... 
18:44:00.778 c.TestCountDownLatch [Thread-1] - begin... 
18:44:01.782 c.TestCountDownLatch [Thread-0] - end...2 
18:44:02.283 c.TestCountDownLatch [Thread-2] - end...1 
18:44:02.782 c.TestCountDownLatch [Thread-1] - end...0 
18:44:02.782 c.TestCountDownLatch [main] - wait end...

CyclicBarrier

循环栅栏，用来进行线程协作，等待线程满足某个计数。构造时设置『计数个数』，每个线程执行到某个需要“同步”的时刻调用 await() 方法进行等待，当等待的线程数满足『计数个数』时，继续执行

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CyclicBarrier cb = new CyclicBarrier(2); // 个数为2时才会继续执行

new Thread(() -> {
    System.out.println("线程1开始.." + new Date());
    try {
        cb.await(); // 当个数不足时，等待
    } catch (InterruptedException | BrokenBarrierException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    System.out.println("线程1继续向下运行..." + new Date());
}).start();

new Thread(() -> {
    System.out.println("线程2开始.." + new Date());
    try {
        Thread.sleep(2000);
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
    try {
        cb.await(); // 2 秒后，线程个数够2，继续运行
    } catch (InterruptedException | BrokenBarrierException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    System.out.println("线程2继续向下运行..." + new Date());
}).start();

🔔注意： CyclicBarrier 与 CountDownLatch 的主要区别在于 CyclicBarrier 是可以重用的， CyclicBarrier 可以被比喻为『人满发车』

参考